![]() They behave extremely dynamically and, on occasion, erratically. They are characterized by the fact that they cannot be simplified in order to understand their dynamics. It has become broad and confusing, but in its individual applications, it achieves amazingly accurate results.Įxamples of complex systems are: man himself, his central nervous system, the climate, the abundance of ideas in young start-ups, religions, financial markets, the Internet, etc. The theory of complex systems has specialized over the years. Many calculations and experiments at nuclear research institutions roughly confirm the assumptions of our standard physical model and the theory of relativity. Superstring theory was an attempt to penetrate subnuclear space. Simultaneously, the Unified Field Theory was pursued in atomic physics, in hopes of finding an all-encompassing theory of the forces in the universe. Even these sophisticated simulations are unable to predict the famous “Black Swan” events. Suddenly we see how 10’000 times repeated calculations open up a panoply of possible future developments out of a simple starting point. The simulation of non-linear processes based on stochastic equations is employed in the calculations of risk scenarios. We are all familiar with the fascinating representations of Mandelbrot sets that dissolve into ever finer structures. Even in the production of organic food, computers calculate the correct amounts of water and feed based on data and patterns supplied by sensors in the ground and in the barn.Ĭhaos theory became popular and lost itself in endless fractal representations. Today, computers monitor the chaotic movements at a pop concert to determine where panic outbursts can arise. Non-linear processes, pattern recognition, climate change, the famous flapping of the butterfly’s wings in Brazil that causes a tornado in Texas, became hot topics. The introduction of computers into this field has added to the variety of descriptions of conversion states and their conditions. The modelling of complex and dynamic relations is closely linked to the development of powerful computers. Its ideas have influenced climate research, sociology, psychology, marketing techniques, and many other areas. Today it plays an important role in the simulation of dynamic processes. From this experience, the theory of complex systems came into being. The simulation of weather forecasts on computers showed that the slightest changes in an assumption or mere rounding differences in calculations could lead to very diverse results. ![]() They were increasingly confronted with the fundamental unpredictability of developments and events in large, and above all, dynamic systems. In the 1950s and 1960s, researchers in the West realized that many interactions were much more complex than anticipated. Atomic physics and especially quantum theory began to dissolve the deterministic outlines of the Western mechanistic world view even outside of expert groups. People began to think about the many interdependencies in nature, in our society and in our values. Systems- and interrelationships-oriented thinking and the resulting systems theory emerged – in a nutshell – as an answer to the upheavals of the first half of the 20th century.
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